Part of the Food Policy Snapshot Series
Policy name: Pay As You Throw
Overview: Since the 1980s, South Korea has made several legislative efforts to reduce food waste. Most recently, in 2013, a law was established requiring food waste to be discarded in biodegradable bags, and a per household fee is charged based on the weight of the waste.
Location: South Korea
Population: 51.3 million
Food policy category: Food waste reduction; Sustainable agriculture
Program goals: To ultimately become a zero-waste society.
How it works: The biodegradable food-waste bags must be put in designated waste collection buckets so that the waste can be weighed.
In many areas of the country, radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is used to weigh the waste. New residential buildings are supplied with aluminum bins, placed in common recycling areas, for residents to deposit food waste. Each resident is provided with an electronic identification tag to use when disposing of food waste. The weight of waste is determined each time the bin is used, and the residents are charged for their waste at the end of each month.
The food waste is either dried to use as compost for urban gardens or animal feed, or it is burned to generate biofuel. Recycling food waste saves the country up to $600,000 dollars that would otherwise have been used to process it in a landfill or sewage plant.
Buying the garbage bags and paying for the food waste costs a four-person household approximately six dollars per month, and these fees pay for 60 percent of the cost of maintaining the RFID and recycling systems.
Progress to date: In 1986, the Waste Management Law was enacted to encourage the “three Rs:” reduce, reuse, recycle. In 1992, The government established the Act on Resource Saving and Recycling Promotion, which introduced the concept of “polluter pays” by requiring the purchase of the designated garbage bags and establishing the fee for waste.
In the late 1990s, however, the country started to see a significant increase in food waste as a result of higher standards of living, frequent dining out, and more single-occupant households. In 2005, it became illegal to send food waste to landfills.
The most recent legislation, regarding “pay-as-you-throw” for food waste, went into effect in 2013, along with a ban on throwing the liquid remaining at the bottom of garbage bags into the sea.
Why it is important: South Korea is one of the biggest producers of food waste in the world, creating 17,100 tons per day in 2005. The problem is largely due to the cultural concept of banchan, having a variety of side dishes accompanying every meal, which produces a significant amount of leftover food.
Reducing and recycling food waste is important not only for individual finances and the economy in general, but also for environmental purposes. Processing food waste at a sewage plant contributes to the greenhouse gases that are causing the world’s current climate crisis. Globally, food waste accounts for nearly the same amount of emissions as does road transport. In South Korea, however, it is primarily recycled and used as compost, and there are now six times more urban gardens in the capital city of Seoul than there were in 2012.
Additionally, the food waste was processed at sewage plants, the remaining garbage liquids were thrown into the waters along the South Korean coastline at a rate of 3,800 tons per day. The resulting pollution was detrimental to sea life, fisheries, and coastline populations. Moisture accounts for 80 percent of the weight of food waste; therefore, in addition to making it illegal to dispose of liquid waste in the sea, residents are encouraged to reduce the moisture in their food waste before depositing the bags in order to reduce their fees.
Program/Policy initiated: The pay-as-you-throw mandate for food waste was introduced in 2013.
Point of contact: N/A
Similar practices:
- Several countries and municipalities in the EU and US have pay-as-you-throw waste programs that include not just food but all solid waste.
- New York City has a voluntary recycling program through which food waste is turned into compost and clean energy.
Evaluation: South Korea is now recycling more than 95 percent of its food waste, up from less than two percent in 1995. However, the chair of the Korea Zero Waste Movement Network states that more needs to be done to reduce food waste, because there is now more compost and fertilizer being produced than can be utilized.
Learn more:
- Food Wastage Footprint: Impacts on Natural Resources (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)
- The Global Economic and Regulatory Determinants of Household Food Waste Generation: A Cross-Country Analysis (Waste Management)
- Household Food Waste: Drivers and Potential Intervention Points for Design – An Extensive Review (Journal of Cleaner Production)
- Identifying Motivations and Barriers to Minimising Household Food Waste (Resources, Conservation and Recycling)
- The Staggering Environmental Footprint of All the Food that We Just Throw in the Trash (Washington Post)
References:
- 2006 PAYT Programs (United States Environmental Protection Agency)
- Food Wastage Footprint and Climate Change (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)
- How New York is Turning Food Waste Into Compost and Gas (The New York Times)
- How South Korea is Composting its Way to Sustainability (The New Yorker)
- In South Korea, an Innovative Push to Cut Back on Food Waste (Yale Environment 360)
- LIFE PAYT – PAYT – Tool to Reduce Waste in South Europe (European Commission)
- South Korea: Cutting Back on Food Waste (Pulitzer Center)
- South Korea Has Almost Zero Food Waste, Here’s How (Intelligent Living)
- South Korea Legislates Toward a Zero Waste Society (Waste Management Review)
- South Korea Once Recycled 2% of its Food Waste. Now it Recycles 95% (World Economic Forum)
- South Korea’s Food Waste Reduction Plans Feature Urban Farming and Modern Garbage Bins (ABC News)
- These Policies Helped South Korea’s Capital Decrease Food Waste (PBS News Hour)
- This American State is Using a New Pay-As-You-Throw Programme to Have a Big Impact on Waste (World Economic Forum)
- United States 2030 Food Loss and Waste Reduction Goal (United States Environmental Protection Agency)